Cooking With the Sun 5 STUDENT DATA SHEET Prelab day Reading Highlights - Solar cookers can be used every day or for solar picnics - They come in many types. Sexual Reproduction Any process of reproduction that does involve the fusion of gametes.

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Sunlight - Wikipedia. Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When it is blocked by clouds or reflects off other objects, it is experienced as diffused light.

The World Meteorological Organization uses the term . A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 1. To calculate the amount of sunlight reaching the ground, both Earth's elliptical orbit and the attenuation by Earth's atmosphere have to be taken into account. The extraterrestrial solar illuminance (Eext), corrected for the elliptical orbit by using the day number of the year (dn), is given to a good approximation by. In this formula dn–3 is used, because in modern times Earth's perihelion, the closest approach to the Sun and, therefore, the maximum Eext occurs around January 3 each year.

The value of 0. 0. AU) squared and the aphelion (1. AU) squared should be approximately 0. The solar illuminance constant (Esc), is equal to 1. The direct normal illuminance (Edn), corrected for the attenuating effects of the atmosphere is given by: Edn=Eexte. The atmospheric extinction brings the number of lux down to around 1. The total amount of energy received at ground level from the Sun at the zenith depends on the distance to the Sun and thus on the time of year.

It is about 3. 3% higher than average in January and 3. July (see below). If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1.

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Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1. W/m. 2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1. W/m. 2. This is higher than the efficacy (of source) of most artificial lighting (including fluorescent), which means using sunlight for illumination heats up a room less than using most forms of artificial lighting. Multiplying the figure of 1. The illumination of a horizontal surface will be considerably less than this if the Sun is not very high in the sky.

Averaged over a day, the highest amount of sunlight on a horizontal surface occurs in January at the South Pole (see insolation). Dividing the irradiance of 1. W/m. 2 by the size of the sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 1.

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MW per square metre per steradian. Extreme UV and X- rays are produced (at left of wavelength range shown) but comprise very small amounts of the Sun's total output power. The spectrum of the Sun's solar radiation is close to that of a black body. Although the Sun produces gamma rays as a result of the nuclear- fusion process, internal absorption and thermalization convert these super- high- energy photons to lower- energy photons before they reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space. As a result, the Sun does not emit gamma rays from this process, but it does emit gamma rays from solar flares.

The spectrum of nearly all solar electromagnetic radiation striking the Earth's atmosphere spans a range of 1. The term ultraviolet refers to the fact that the radiation is at higher frequency than violet light (and, hence, also invisible to the human eye). Due to absorption by the atmosphere very little reaches Earth's surface.

This spectrum of radiation has germicidal properties, as used in germicidal lamps. Ultraviolet B or (UVB) range spans 2. It is also greatly absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, and along with UVC causes the photochemical reaction leading to the production of the ozone layer.

It directly damages DNA and causes sunburn, but is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin and fur of mammals. This band was once.

However, UVA is now known to cause significant damage to DNA via indirect routes (formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species), and can cause cancer. As the name suggests, this range is visible to the naked eye.

It is also the strongest output range of the Sun's total irradiance spectrum. Infrared range that spans 7. It comprises an important part of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches Earth. Scientists divide the infrared range into three types on the basis of wavelength. Infrared- A: 7. 00 nm to 1,4.

Infrared- B: 1,4. Infrared- C: 3,0. Published tables. Department of Agriculture, Portland, Oregon, USA, appear on the web. Its average value was thought to be approximately 1. W/m. It has been found that SSI at UV (ultraviolet) wavelength corresponds in a less clear, and probably more complicated fashion, with Earth's climate responses than earlier assumed, fueling broad avenues of new research in “the connection of the Sun and stratosphere, troposphere, biosphere, ocean, and Earth’s climate”.

This photo of a Martian sunset was imaged by Mars Pathfinder. Different bodies of the Solar System receive light of an intensity inversely proportional to the square of their distance from Sun. A rough table comparing the amount of solar radiation received by each planet in the Solar System follows (from data in . For example, Venus's thick atmosphere reflects more than 6.

The actual illumination of the surface is about 1. Earth . Thus, it would give perceptions and . The spectrum on the surface is slightly redder than that on Earth, due to scattering by reddish dust in the Martian atmosphere. For comparison, sunlight on Saturn is slightly brighter than Earth sunlight at the average sunset or sunrise (see daylight for comparison table). Even on Pluto, the sunlight would still be bright enough to almost match the average living room. To see sunlight as dim as full moonlight on Earth, a distance of about 5. AU (~6. 9 light- hours) is needed; there are only a handful of objects in the Solar System known to orbit farther than such a distance, among them 9.

Sedna and (8. 72. OO6. 7. Surface illumination.

These effects are apparent in natural light photography where the principal source of illumination is sunlight as mediated by the atmosphere. While the color of the sky is usually determined by Rayleigh scattering, an exception occurs at sunset and twilight. The Sun may therefore be said to illuminate, which is a measure of the light within a specific sensitivity range.

Many animals (including humans) have a sensitivity range of approximately 4. Aside from effects that arise at sunset and sunrise, the spectral composition changes primarily in respect to how directly sunlight is able to illuminate. When illumination is indirect, Rayleigh scattering in the upper atmosphere will lead blue wavelengths to dominate. Water vapour in the lower atmosphere produces further scattering and ozone, dust and water particles will also absorb selective wavelengths.

The yellow line shows the spectrum of direct illumination under optimal conditions. The other illumination conditions are scaled to show their relation to direct illumination. The units of spectral power are simply raw sensor values (with a linear response at specific wavelengths). Variations in solar irradiance. When the direct radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine. The warming of the ground (and other objects) depends on the absorption of the electromagnetic radiation in the form of heat.

The amount of radiation intercepted by a planetary body varies inversely with the square of the distance between the star and the planet. Earth's orbit and obliquity change with time (over thousands of years), sometimes forming a nearly perfect circle, and at other times stretching out to an orbital eccentricity of 5% (currently 1. As the orbital eccentricity changes, the average distance from the sun (the semimajor axis does not significantly vary, and so the total insolation over a year remains almost constant due to Kepler's second law,2.